Issuing Authorities

Explore issuing authorities as the institutions behind the world’s banknotes — central banks and monetary bodies that define how currency is created, controlled, and presented. This index brings together these entities as structured systems of authority, where monetary policy, security standards, and visual identity converge.

Each authority reveals a distinct approach to currency issuance, shaped by economic conditions, political history, and technical capability. From inflation-driven reforms and emergency overprints to advanced printing partnerships and modern security features, these institutions determine not only how money circulates, but how it is perceived.

This section invites you to look beyond the banknote itself — to understand the authority that stands behind it, and the decisions that shape its form, function, and meaning.

A B C D E F G H I M N P Q R S T U

A

Austrian National Bank

Austrian Schilling

The Austrian National Bank (Oesterreichische Nationalbank) served as the issuing authority of a highly stable monetary system prior to euro adoption, notably associated with...

B

Banco de Cabo Verde

Cabo Verde (Cape Verde)

Cape Verde Escudo

The Banco de Cabo Verde operates within a euro-pegged monetary framework, notably defined by formal exchange cooperation with Portugal and long-term currency stability.

Banco de la República

The Banco de la República operates as both a monetary authority and cultural institution, notably reflected in a currency system where financial discipline and...

Banco de Portugal

Portuguese Escudo

The Banco de Portugal served as the issuing authority of the escudo, notably defined by the “Descobrimentos” series reflecting Portugal’s maritime heritage.

Banco Nacional da Guiné-Bissau

Guinea-Bissau Peso

The Banco Nacional da Guiné-Bissau served as the issuing authority of a short-lived national system, notably defined by the introduction of the peso following...

Banco Nacional Ultramarino

Portuguese Guinea

Portuguese Guinea Escudo

The Banco Nacional Ultramarino served as Portugal’s overseas issuing authority, producing escudo banknotes across colonial territories within a unified monetary framework.

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas

Philippine peso

The Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a modernized currency system, notably defined by polymer innovation and internationally recognized...

Bangladesh Bank

Bangladeshi Taka

The Bangladesh Bank (বাংলাদেশ ব্যাংক) operates as the central monetary authority of a system formed through independence, notably marked by provisional “Joy Bangla” overprints...

Bank Al-Maghrib

Moroccan dirham

The Bank Al-Maghrib (بنك المغرب) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by dynastic continuity, notably reflected in successive royal...

Bank Indonesia

Indonesian Rupiah

The Bank Indonesia operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-crisis system, notably defined by high-denomination banknotes and reforms following the 1997 Asian...

Bank Negara Malaysia

Malaysian Ringgit

The Bank Negara Malaysia operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a highly structured currency system, notably defined by cohesive national design and controlled...

Bank of Albania

The Bank of Albania (Banka e Shqipërisë) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a transition from post-communist instability toward a modern financial system,...

Bank of Algeria

The Bank of Algeria (Banque d'Algérie) functions as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by post-colonial state-building, notably expressed through high-denomination...

Bank of Biafra

The Bank of Biafra functioned as a wartime monetary authority established under blockade conditions, notably issuing emergency currency during the Nigerian Civil War.

Bank of Botswana

The Bank of Botswana functions as the central monetary authority overseeing a system defined by long-term policy discipline, notably supported by resource-backed stability and...

Bank of Canada

Canadian Dollar

The Bank of Canada operates as the central monetary authority behind a unified national system, notably recognized for technological leadership and pioneering modern banknote...

Bank of Central African States

Central African States

Central African CFA Franc

The Bank of Central African States (Banque des États de l'Afrique Centrale) serves as a supranational issuing authority, notably defined by the distribution of...

Bank of Central African States (Cameroon)

Central African CFA Franc

The Bank of Central African States (BEAC) serves as the issuing authority for Cameroon within a shared regional currency system identified through series-based country...

Bank of Central African States (Central African Republic)

Central African Republic

Central African CFA Franc

The Bank of Central African States (BEAC) serves as the issuing authority for the Central African Republic within a shared currency system identified through...

Bank of Central African States (Chad)

Central African CFA Franc

The Bank of Central African States (BEAC) serves as the issuing authority for Chad within a shared currency system identified through evolving allocation codes...

Bank of Central African States (Equatorial Guinea)

Equatorial Guinea

Central African CFA Franc

The Bank of Central African States (BEAC) serves as the issuing authority for Equatorial Guinea within a shared currency system identified through series-based allocation...

Bank of Central African States (Gabon)

Central African CFA Franc

The Bank of Central African States (BEAC) serves as the issuing authority for Gabon within a shared currency system identified through series-based allocation codes.

Bank of Central African States (Republic of the Congo)

Republic of the Congo

Central African CFA Franc

The Bank of Central African States (BEAC) serves as the issuing authority for the Republic of the Congo within a shared currency system identified...

Bank of England

The Bank of England operates as the central monetary authority behind one of the world’s most established currency systems, notably defined by historic “White...

Bank of Eritrea

The Bank of Eritrea operates as the central monetary authority of a post-independence system, notably defined by the controlled introduction of a new currency...

Bank of Estonia

The Bank of Estonia (Eesti Pank) served as the issuing authority of a currency board-based system, notably defined by disciplined monetary policy and consistent...

Bank of Finland

The Bank of Finland (Suomen Pankki) served as the issuing authority of one of Europe’s longest-standing monetary systems, notably defined by technical precision and...

Bank of France

The Bank of France (Banque de France) served as the issuing authority of a major European currency system, notably associated with highly refined engraving...

Bank of Ghana

The Bank of Ghana operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by post-independence reform, notably reflected in redenomination and evolving national...

Bank of Greece

The Bank of Greece (Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος) served as the issuing authority of a currency system shaped by inflation and reform, notably transitioning from...

Bank of Guatemala

Guatemalan Quetzal

The Bank of Guatemala (Banco de Guatemala) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system defined by monetary reform, notably reflected in culturally...

Bank of Guyana

The Bank of Guyana operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-colonial system, notably reflected in banknote series rich in national fauna and...

Bank of Israel

Israeli Lira, Israeli Shekel, New Israeli Shekel

The Bank of Israel (בנק ישראל) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by successive currency reforms, notably transitioning from the...

Bank of Italy

The Bank of Italy (Banca d'Italia) served as the issuing authority of the Italian lira, notably defined by high-denomination banknotes prior to euro adoption.

Bank of Jamaica

Jamaican Dollar

The Bank of Jamaica operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a modernized system, notably defined by the transition to a full Safeguard® polymer...

Bank of Japan

The Bank of Japan (日本銀行) operates as the central monetary authority within one of the world’s most advanced currency systems, notably defined by precision...

Bank of Korea

South Korean Won

The Bank of Korea operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a technologically advanced currency system, notably defined by historical portraiture and high-security banknote...

Bank of Latvia

The Bank of Latvia (Latvijas Banka) served as the issuing authority of the lats, notably defined by consistent design identity and the iconic “Milda”...

Bank of Lebanon

The Bank of Lebanon (مصرف لبنان) operates as the central monetary authority within a system shaped by recent monetary instability, notably reflected in rapid...

Bank of Lithuania

Lithuanian Litas, Lithuanian Talonas

The Bank of Lithuania (Lietuvos bankas) served as the issuing authority of the litas, notably defined by a transition from early post-Soviet issues to...

Bank of Mauritius

Mauritian Rupee

The Bank of Mauritius operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a modernized currency system, notably defined by vertical design layouts, hybrid substrates and...

Bank of Mexico

The Bank of Mexico (Banco de México) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a highly structured currency system, notably defined by advanced design...

Bank of Mongolia

Mongolian tögrög

The Bank of Mongolia (Монгол Улсын Төв банк) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by political transition, notably defined by...

Bank of Mozambique

Mozambican metical

The Bank of Mozambique (Banco de Moçambique) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-reform system, notably defined by the enduring presence of...

Bank of Namibia

Namibian dollar

The Bank of Namibia operates as the central monetary authority within a dual-currency framework, notably defined by 1:1 parity with the South African rand...

Bank of Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinean kina

The Bank of Papua New Guinea operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a fully polymer currency system defined by a non-portrait tradition and...

Bank of Russia

The Bank of Russia operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by redenomination, state-controlled production and evolving commemorative issues.

Bank of Sierra Leone

Sierra Leonean Leone

The Bank of Sierra Leone operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a redenominated currency system, notably restructured in 2022 to replace high-denomination inflation-era...

Bank of Slovenia

Slovenian Tolar

The Bank of Slovenia served as the issuing authority of the tolar, a short-lived currency notably defined by hand-engraved portraiture and refined national design.

Bank of Somaliland

Somaliland Shilling

The Bank of Somaliland operates as the central monetary authority of a self-governing territory, issuing a currency circulating outside formal international recognition frameworks.

Bank of South Sudan

South Sudanese Pound

The Bank of South Sudan operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a newly established currency system introduced following independence in 2011.

Bank of Spain

The Banco de España served as the issuing authority of the peseta, a currency system notably defined by refined engraving traditions and late-series modernization...

Bank of Tanzania

Tanzanian Shilling

The Bank of Tanzania (Benki Kuu ya Tanzania) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system reflecting national identity and wildlife symbolism.

Bank of Thailand

The Bank of Thailand (ธนาคารแห่งประเทศไทย) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by royal portraiture and a highly developed collector...

Bank of the Cook Islands

Cook Islands Dollar

The Bank of the Cook Islands operates within a dual-currency system, notably defined by the coexistence of a limited local currency alongside full circulation...

Bank of the Lao P.D.R.

The Bank of the Lao P.D.R. (ທະນາຄານແຫ່ງສປປລາວ) operates as the central monetary authority within an inflation-affected system, notably defined by high-denomination banknote circulation.

Bank of the Republic of Burundi

Burundian Franc

The Bank of the Republic of Burundi (Banque de la République du Burundi) operates as the central monetary authority of a post-colonial system, notably...

Bank of the Republic of Haiti

The Bank of the Republic of Haiti (Banque de la République d’Haïti) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by political...

Bank of Uganda

Ugandan Shilling

The Bank of Uganda operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system marked by transition from portrait-based to wildlife-themed banknote design.

Bank of Yemen

South Yemeni Dinar

The Bank of Yemen (بنك اليمن) served as the issuing authority of the South Yemeni dinar within a socialist monetary system distinct from the...

Bank of Zaire

The Bank of Zaire (Banque du Zaïre) served as the issuing authority of a currency system shaped by centralized political control and subsequent monetary...

Bank of Zambia

The Bank of Zambia operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system modernized through redenomination and defined by consistent national symbolism.

Bermuda Monetary Authority

Bermudian Dollar

The Bermuda Monetary Authority functions as the issuing authority within a stable currency system anchored 1:1 to the US dollar, notably recognized for its...

Board of Commissioners of Currency Malaya and British Borneo

The Board of Commissioners of Currency Malaya and British Borneo served as a supranational issuing authority, notably defined by a unified five-territory currency system...

Brunei Darussalam Central Bank

The Brunei Darussalam Central Bank (Autoriti Monetari Brunei Darussalam) operates within a bilateral currency framework, notably defined by full interchangeability and 1:1 parity between...

Bulgarian National Bank

The Bulgarian National Bank (Българска народная банка) operates under a currency board regime, notably anchored first to the Deutsche Mark and later to the...

C

Cayman Islands Monetary Authority

Cayman Islands Dollar

The Cayman Islands Monetary Authority operates within a fixed exchange rate framework, notably defined by a high-value dollar maintained above parity with the US...

Central Bank of Argentina

Argentine Austral, Argentine Peso, Argentine Peso Argentino

The Central Bank of Argentina (Banco Central de la República Argentina) administers monetary policy within one of the most volatile financial systems of the...

Central Bank of Armenia

The Central Bank of Armenia (Հայաստանի Կենտրոնական Բանկ) serves as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-Soviet system established after the collapse of the...

Central Bank of Aruba

The Central Bank of Aruba (Centrale Bank van Aruba) operates within a fixed exchange rate framework anchored to the US dollar, notably defined by...

Central Bank of Azerbaijan

Azerbaijani Manat

The Central Bank of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikasının Mərkəzi Bankı) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-Soviet currency system, notably redefined through the...

Central Bank of Bahrain

The Central Bank of Bahrain (مصرف البحرين المركزي) serves as the central monetary authority overseeing a high-value currency system, notably defined by the Bahraini...

Central Bank of Barbados

Barbadian Dollar

The Central Bank of Barbados operates within a fixed exchange rate regime anchored to the US dollar, notably reflected in the transition to a...

Central Bank of Belize

The Central Bank of Belize operates within a fixed exchange rate framework maintaining long-term stability, notably defined by a consistent 2:1 peg to the...

Central Bank of Bolivia

Bolivian Boliviano

The Central Bank of Bolivia (Banco Central de Bolivia) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by one of the most...

Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina

Bosnia and Herzegovina Convertible Mark

The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Centralna banka Bosne i Hercegovine) operates under a strict currency board regime, notably defined by the fixed...

Central Bank of Brazil

Brazilian Cruzado, Brazilian Cruzeiro, Brazilian Real

The Central Bank of Brazil (Banco Central do Brasil) operates as the central monetary authority within a system shaped by repeated currency reforms, notably...

Central Bank of Chile

The Central Bank of Chile (Banco Central de Chile) operates as the central monetary authority within one of Latin America’s most disciplined systems, notably...

Central Bank of Costa Rica

Costa Rican Colón

The Central Bank of Costa Rica (Banco Central de Costa Rica) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a modern currency system, notably recognized...

Central Bank of Cuba

The Central Bank of Cuba (Banco Central de Cuba) operates as the central monetary authority within a state-controlled system, notably defined by the coexistence...

Central Bank of Cyprus

The Central Bank of Cyprus (Κεντρική Τράπεζα της Κύπρου) served as the issuing authority of a high-value pre-euro currency system, notably associated with strong...

Central Bank of Djibouti

Djiboutian Franc

The Central Bank of Djibouti (Banque Centrale de Djibouti) operates within a fixed exchange rate framework, notably defined by long-term parity with the US...

Central Bank of Ecuador

Ecuadorian Sucre

The Central Bank of Ecuador (Banco Central del Ecuador) operated as the issuing authority of a national currency system, notably defined by its collapse...

Central Bank of Egypt

The Central Bank of Egypt (البنك المركزي المصري) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system defined by structured visual identity, notably combining...

Central Bank of Eswatini

Swaziland (eSwatini)

Swazi Lilangeni (Emalangeni)

The Central Bank of Eswatini operates within a dual-currency framework, issuing the lilangeni under fixed parity with the South African rand.

Central Bank of Honduras

Honduran Lempira

The Central Bank of Honduras (Banco Central de Honduras) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system defined by structured portrait series, notably...

Central Bank of Iceland

Icelandic Króna

The Central Bank of Iceland (Seðlabanki Íslands) operates as the central monetary authority within a fully sovereign system, notably defined by controlled issuance and...

Central Bank of Iraq

The Central Bank of Iraq (البنك المركزي العراقي) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system reshaped after 2003, notably defined by the...

Central Bank of Jordan

Jordanian Dinar

The Central Bank of Jordan (البنك المركزي الأردني) operates as the central monetary authority within a stable currency system, notably defined by strong exchange...

Central Bank of Kenya

Kenyan Shilling

The Central Bank of Kenya operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a constitutionally redefined system, notably reflected in the 2019 banknote series replacing...

Central Bank of Kuwait

The Central Bank of Kuwait (بنك الكويت المركزي) operates as the central monetary authority within a high-value currency system, notably defined by strong exchange...

Central Bank of Lesotho

The Central Bank of Lesotho operates within a dual-currency framework, notably defined by 1:1 parity between the loti and the South African rand.

Central Bank of Liberia

Liberian Dollar

The Central Bank of Liberia operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by conflict and reform, notably defined by coexistence with...

Central Bank of Libya

The Central Bank of Libya (مصرف ليبيا المركزي) operates as the central monetary authority within a divided system, notably defined by parallel banknote production...

Central Bank of Luxembourg

Luxembourgish Franc

The Banque centrale du Luxembourg served as the issuing authority within a monetary union with Belgium, notably defined by limited issuance and the rarity...

Central Bank of Madagascar

Malagasy Ariary

The Central Bank of Madagascar operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a dual-denomination currency system, notably defined by ariary banknotes displaying parallel value...

Central Bank of Malta

The Central Bank of Malta (Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta) served as the issuing authority of the Maltese lira, notably defined by the refined “C...

Central Bank of Mauritania

Mauritanian Ouguiya

The Central Bank of Mauritania (البنك المركزي الموريتاني) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing one of the few non-decimal currency systems, notably restructured...

Central Bank of Myanmar

The Central Bank of Myanmar (ဗဟိုဘဏ် မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ) operates as the central monetary authority within a system marked by intervention, notably defined by numerological denominations...

Central Bank of Nicaragua

Nicaraguan córdoba

The Banco Central de Nicaragua operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system marked by hyperinflationary overprints and a later transition to...

Central Bank of Nigeria

The Central Bank of Nigeria operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by structural reforms, polymer experimentation and recent redesign...

Central Bank of Norway

Norwegian krone

The Norges Bank operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a technologically advanced currency system, notably defined by the “Sea” series with pixel-based design...

Central Bank of Oman

The Central Bank of Oman (البنك المركزي العماني) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a high-value currency system defined by dynastic continuity and...

Central Bank of Paraguay

Paraguayan guaraní

The Banco Central del Paraguay operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system notable for long-term continuity without redenomination and a bilingual...

Central Bank of Samoa

The Central Bank of Samoa operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by post-independence identity and culturally driven banknote design.

Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe

Sao Tome and Principe

São Tomé and Príncipe Dobra

The Central Bank of São Tomé and Príncipe operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a redenominated currency system transformed into a modern polymer...

Central Bank of Seychelles

Seychellois Rupee

The Central Bank of Seychelles operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by biodiversity-driven design, including distinctive wildlife-themed banknotes.

Central Bank of Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands

Solomon Islands Dollar

The Central Bank of Solomon Islands operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by the integration of traditional shell money...

Central Bank of Somalia

Somali Shilling

The Central Bank of Somalia operates within a fragmented monetary environment, where prolonged absence of centralized control has shaped a currency system dominated by...

Central Bank of Sri Lanka

Sri Lankan Rupee

The Central Bank of Sri Lanka operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system notable for vertical design formats and dynamic visual...

Central Bank of Sudan

The Central Bank of Sudan (بنك السودان المركزي) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by denomination changes, including the...

Central Bank of Suriname

Surinamese Dollar

The Central Bank of Suriname (Centrale Bank van Suriname) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a redenominated currency system, notably defined by the...

Central Bank of Syria

The Central Bank of Syria (مصرف سورية المركزي) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by inflation and high-denomination issuance.

Central Bank of The Bahamas

Bahamian Dollar

The Central Bank of The Bahamas operates within a stable monetary framework anchored to the US dollar, notably distinguished by unconventional denominations and one...

Central Bank of the Comoros

The Central Bank of the Comoros (Banque Centrale des Comores) operates within a French-anchored monetary framework, notably defined by fixed parity, limited issuance and...

Central Bank of the Congo

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Congolese Franc

The Central Bank of the Congo (Banque Centrale du Congo) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by repeated monetary crises,...

Central Bank of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea

North Korean won

The Central Bank of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (조선민주주의인민공화국 중앙은행) operates within a highly controlled monetary system, notably defined by restricted circulation,...

Central Bank of the Dominican Republic

Dominican Republic

The Central Bank of the Dominican Republic (Banco Central de la República Dominicana) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system defined by...

Central Bank of The Gambia

The Central Bank of The Gambia operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-independence system, notably reflected in major political redesigns of national...

Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran

The Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran (بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ایران) operates as the central monetary authority within an inflation-driven system,...

Central Bank of the Republic of Artsakh

Nagorno-Karabakh

Nagorno-Karabakh dram

The Central Bank of the Republic of Artsakh (Կենտրոնական բանկ Արցախի Հանրապետության) functions as a symbolic issuing authority, notably defined by limited-issue banknotes circulating...

Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)

New Taiwan Dollar

The Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) (中華民國中央銀行) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by educational themes...

Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea

The Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea (Banque Centrale de la République de Guinée) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system...

Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye

The Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye (Türkiye Cumhuriyet Merkez Bankası) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system transformed through...

Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan

The Central Bank of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Oʻzbekiston Respublikasi Markaziy Banki) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system evolving from...

Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Dirham

The Central Bank of the United Arab Emirates (مصرف الإمارات العربية المتحدة المركزي) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a USD-pegged currency system...

Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago

Trinidad and Tobago Dollar

The Central Bank of Trinidad and Tobago operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a modern currency system defined by polymer innovation and biodiversity-themed...

Central Bank of Tunisia

The Central Bank of Tunisia (البنك المركزي التونسي) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a non-convertible currency system shaped by capital controls and...

Central Bank of Turkmenistan

Turkmenistan Manat

The Central Bank of Turkmenistan (Türkmenistanyň Merkezi Banky) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a redenominated currency system introduced in 2009 and shaped...

Central Bank of Uruguay

The Central Bank of Uruguay (Banco Central del Uruguay) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by transitional overprints and...

Central Bank of Venezuela

Venezuelan Bolívar

The Central Bank of Venezuela (Banco Central de Venezuela) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by repeated redenominations and...

Central Bank of West African States

West African States

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest) serves as a supranational issuing authority overseeing a shared...

Central Bank of West African States (Benin – Letter B)

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) serves as the issuing authority for Benin within a shared currency system identified by the country...

Central Bank of West African States (Burkina Faso – Letter C)

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) serves as the issuing authority for Burkina Faso within a shared currency system identified by the...

Central Bank of West African States (Guinea-Bissau – Letter S)

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) serves as the issuing authority for Guinea-Bissau within a shared currency system identified by the country...

Central Bank of West African States (Ivory Coast – Letter A)

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) serves as the issuing authority for Ivory Coast within a shared currency system identified by the...

Central Bank of West African States (Mali – Letter D)

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) serves as the issuing authority for Mali within a shared currency system identified by the country...

Central Bank of West African States (Niger – Letter H)

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) serves as the issuing authority for Niger within a shared currency system identified by the country...

Central Bank of West African States (Senegal – Letter K)

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) serves as the issuing authority for Senegal within a shared currency system identified by the country...

Central Bank of West African States (Togo – Letter T)

West African CFA Franc

The Central Bank of West African States (BCEAO) serves as the issuing authority for Togo within a shared currency system identified by the country...

Central Bank of Yemen

The Central Bank of Yemen (البنك المركزي اليمني) operates as the central monetary authority within a divided monetary system, where parallel issues from Sana’a...

Central Reserve Bank of Peru

Peruvian sol de oro, Peruvian inti, Peruvian nuevo sol, Peruvian sol

The Central Reserve Bank of Peru (Banco Central de Reserva del Perú) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by recovery...

Croatian National Bank

Croatian Dinar, Croatian Kuna

The Croatian National Bank (Hrvatska narodna banka) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by post-Yugoslav transition, notably defined by disciplined...

Czech National Bank

The Czech National Bank (Česká národní banka) operates as the central monetary authority of a system born from monetary separation, notably marked by the...

D

Da Afghanistan Bank

The Da Afghanistan Bank (د افغانستان بانک) serves as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by profound political shifts, notably reflected in...

De Javasche Bank

Netherlands Indies

Netherlands Indies gulden

The De Javasche Bank served as the colonial issuing authority in the Netherlands Indies, notably defined by the “Wayang” series and Dutch intaglio engraving...

De Nederlandsche Bank

The De Nederlandsche Bank served as the issuing authority of the Dutch guilder, notably defined by modernist banknote design pioneered by R.D.E. Oxenaar and...

Deutsche Bundesbank

The Deutsche Bundesbank served as the central monetary authority of one of Europe’s most stable currency systems, notably associated with strict monetary discipline and...

E

Eastern Caribbean Central Bank

Eastern Caribbean States

Eastern Caribbean Dollar

The Eastern Caribbean Central Bank operates as a supranational monetary authority, notably defined by a shared currency system distributed across multiple island states with...

F

Federal Reserve System

United States Dollar

The Federal Reserve System operates as the central banking system of the United States, issuing a globally used currency defined by district identifiers, specialized...

G

Government of Gibraltar

Gibraltar Pound

The Government of Gibraltar operates as the issuing authority within a sterling-linked system, notably defined by fixed 1:1 parity with the British pound and...

Government of Saint Helena

Saint Helena Pound

The Government of Saint Helena issues currency within a tightly controlled island system, maintaining the pound under parity with the British pound sterling.

Government of the Falkland Islands

Falkland Islands

Falkland Islands Pound

The Government of the Falkland Islands operates as the issuing authority within a controlled island system, notably defined by a fixed 1:1 parity with...

H

Hungarian National Bank

Hungarian Forint

The Hungarian National Bank (Magyar Nemzeti Bank) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by extreme hyperinflation, notably followed by stabilization...

I

Institut d’émission d’outre-mer

French Pacific Territories

The Institut d’émission d’outre-mer operates as the issuing authority for France’s Pacific territories, notably defined by the CFP franc’s fixed parity system and geographically...

Isle of Man Treasury

The Isle of Man Treasury operates as the issuing authority within a sterling-linked system, notably defined by a 1:1 peg to the British pound...

M

Maldives Monetary Authority

Maldivian Rufiyaa

The Maldives Monetary Authority operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a modern polymer-based system, notably defined by the 2015 “Ran Dhihafaheh” vertical banknote...

Monetary Authority of Macao

The Monetary Authority of Macao (Autoridade Monetária de Macau / 澳門金融管理局) operates as the monetary authority overseeing a dual-issuer system, notably defined by parallel...

Monetary Authority of Singapore

Singapore Dollar

The Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a highly advanced currency system, notably defined by the Yusof bin...

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Narodowy Bank Polski

The Narodowy Bank Polski operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by the “Władcy Polski” series and a structured historical...

National Bank for Bohemia and Moravia in Prague

Bohemia and Moravia

Bohemia and Moravia Koruna

The National Bank for Bohemia and Moravia in Prague (Národní banka pro Čechy a Moravu v Praze) operated under occupation as a controlled monetary...

National Bank of Angola

The National Bank of Angola (Banco Nacional de Angola) operates as the central monetary authority managing a system defined by repeated monetary reforms, notably...

National Bank of Belgium

The National Bank of Belgium (Banque Nationale de Belgique / Nationale Bank van België) served as the issuing authority of a highly developed monetary...

National Bank of Cambodia

The National Bank of Cambodia (ធនាគារជាតិកម្ពុជា) operates as the central monetary authority of a system rebuilt after complete currency abolition, notably defined by the...

National Bank of Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovak Koruna

The National Bank of Czechoslovakia (Národní banka Československá) functioned as the issuing authority of a transitional monetary system, notably defined by the adaptation of...

National Bank of Denmark

The National Bank of Denmark (Danmarks Nationalbank) operates as the central monetary authority behind a highly stable currency system, notably defined by minimalist design...

National Bank of Ethiopia

The National Bank of Ethiopia (ብሔራዊ ባንክ ኢትዮጵያ) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by regime shifts, notably reflected in...

National Bank of Georgia

The National Bank of Georgia (საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-Soviet system, notably shaped by early hyperinflation and...

National Bank of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Tenge

The National Bank of Kazakhstan (Қазақстан Ұルトтық Банкі) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system globally recognized for innovation, notably defined by...

National Bank of Moldova

The National Bank of Moldova (Banca Națională a Moldovei) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a unified portrait-based currency system, notably defined by...

National Bank of Romania

The National Bank of Romania operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system notable for early adoption of polymer banknotes and continuous...

National Bank of Rwanda

The National Bank of Rwanda operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by wildlife-centered design and gradual modernization.

National Bank of Serbia

The National Bank of Serbia operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by recovery from hyperinflation, notably reflected in modern...

National Bank of Slovakia

The National Bank of Slovakia served as the issuing authority of the koruna, a pre-euro currency notably defined by cohesive artistic design and a...

National Bank of Tajikistan

Tajikistani Ruble, Tajikistani Somoni

The National Bank of Tajikistan (Бонки миллии Тоҷикистон) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-reform currency system introduced in 2000, including distinctive...

National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic

Kyrgyzstani Som

The National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic (Кыргыз Республикасынын Улуттук банкы) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-Soviet system, notably defined by...

National Bank of the Republic of Abkhazia

Abkhazian Apsar

The National Bank of the Republic of Abkhazia (Аԥсны Аҳәынҭқарра Амилаҭтә Банк) functions as a monetary authority operating outside conventional circulation systems, where issuance...

National Bank of the Republic of Belarus

Belarusian Ruble

The National Bank of the Republic of Belarus (Нацыянальны банк Рэспублікі Беларусь) functions as the central monetary authority overseeing a delayed post-Soviet stabilization process,...

National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia

North Macedonia (Macedonia)

Macedonian denar

The National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia (Народна банка на Република Северна Македонија) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency...

National Bank of Ukraine

Ukrainian Hryvnia, Ukrainian Karbovanets

The National Bank of Ukraine (Національний банк України) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by post-Soviet transition and strong...

National Bank of Viet Nam

Vietnam (South)

South Vietnamese Piastre

The National Bank of Viet Nam (Ngân hàng Quốc gia Việt Nam) served as the issuing authority of South Vietnam, operating within a currency...

National Bank of Yugoslavia

Yugoslavian Dinar

The National Bank of Yugoslavia (Narodna banka Jugoslavije) served as the issuing authority of a currency system defined by socialist structure and extreme hyperinflation.

National Reserve Bank of Tonga

Tongan Paʻanga

The National Reserve Bank of Tonga (Pangikē Pule Fakafonua ʻo Tonga) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by monarchical...

Nepal Rastra Bank

The Nepal Rastra Bank (नेपाल राष्ट्र बैंक) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by political transition, notably defined by the...

Netherlands Antilles Bank

Netherlands Antilles

Netherlands Antillean guilder

The Bank van de Nederlandse Antillen served as the issuing authority of a regional Caribbean currency, notably defined by the “Bird Series” and continued...

Northern Bank Limited

Northern Ireland

Northern Ireland pound

The Northern Bank Limited operated as a commercial issuing authority within the United Kingdom’s parallel banknote system, producing sterling notes specific to Northern Ireland.

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People’s Bank of China

Chinese Yuan (Renminbi)

The People's Bank of China (中国人民银行) operates as the central monetary authority of a unified state system, notably emerging from the consolidation of revolutionary...

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Qatar Central Bank

The Qatar Central Bank operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system shaped by the transition from Qatar–Dubai joint issues to a...

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Reserve Bank of Australia

Australian Dollar

The Reserve Bank of Australia operates as the central monetary authority behind one of the most technologically advanced currency systems, notably pioneering polymer banknote...

Reserve Bank of Fiji

The Reserve Bank of Fiji operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a post-colonial currency system, notably defined by distinctive commemorative issues and evolving...

Reserve Bank of India

The Reserve Bank of India (भारतीय रिज़र्व बैंक) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by large-scale reform, notably defined by...

Reserve Bank of Malawi

The Reserve Bank of Malawi operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a system shaped by political transition, notably reflected in the shift from...

Reserve Bank of New Zealand

New Zealand dollar

The Reserve Bank of New Zealand operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a technologically advanced currency system, notably defined by polymer innovation and...

Reserve Bank of Vanuatu

The Reserve Bank of Vanuatu (Reserve Bank blong Vanuatu) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system combining modern banknote production with...

Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwean Dollar

The Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by extreme hyperinflation and repeated monetary restructuring.

Royal Bank of Scotland

The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) operates as a commercial issuing authority within the United Kingdom’s parallel banknote system, producing Scottish sterling notes with...

Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan

Bhutanese Ngultrum

The Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan (འབྲུག་གི་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་དངུལ་ဒབང་ལྷན་ཁག) operates within a dual-currency framework, notably defined by the 1:1 parity between the ngultrum and the Indian...

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Saudi Central Bank

The Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system rooted in early monetary instruments and defined by royal...

South African Reserve Bank

South African Rand

The South African Reserve Bank operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by the “Big Five” wildlife series and successive...

State Bank of Pakistan

Pakistani rupee

The State Bank of Pakistan operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system defined by the enduring portrait of Muhammad Ali Jinnah...

State Bank of the German Democratic Republic

German Democratic Republic

East German Mark

The State Bank of the German Democratic Republic (Staatsbank der DDR) operated as the central issuing authority within a planned socialist economy, notably defined...

State Bank of Vietnam

Vietnamese Đồng

The State Bank of Vietnam (Ngân hàng Nhà nước Việt Nam) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a currency system spanning wartime monetary...

States of Guernsey

The States of Guernsey operate as the issuing authority within a sterling-linked system, notably defined by fixed parity with the British pound and independent...

States of Jersey

The States of Jersey operate as the issuing authority within a sterling-linked system, notably defined by fixed 1:1 parity with the British pound and...

Sveriges Riksbank

The Sveriges Riksbank operates as the central monetary authority overseeing one of the world’s oldest continuous currency systems, defined by modern cultural-themed banknote series.

Swiss National Bank

The Swiss National Bank (Schweizerische Nationalbank) operates as the central monetary authority overseeing a highly advanced currency system, notably defined by innovative substrate technology...

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The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited

Hong Kong Dollar

The Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited (香港上海匯豐銀行有限公司) operates as a commercial issuing authority within the Hong Kong monetary system, notably defined by banknote...

Transnistrian Republican Bank

Transnistrian Ruble

The Transnistrian Republican Bank (Приднестровский Республиканский Банк) operates as the central monetary authority within a territorially limited and unrecognized monetary system without an official...

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Union Bank of Burma

The Union Bank of Burma functioned as the issuing authority within a post-colonial system, notably shaped by British printing legacy and later periods of...